An IRA, or Individual Retirement Account, is intended to assist you in saving for retirement.
As the name implies, the account is for an individual. It cannot be held jointly with your spouse or another person.
An IRA offers significant advantages, including:
Tax advantages include tax-free growth on Roth IRA accounts and tax-deferred growth on traditional IRAs. You may also be able to deduct contributions on traditional IRAs.
IRA accounts offer a wide array of investment options, which include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, money markets, and CDs.
You have plenty of flexibility to develop a strategy to help you pursue your retirement goals.
Tax-deferred accounts allow you to take full advantage of compounded growth over a long period of time.
IRA accounts provide you with financial support in retirement that goes above what you will receive from a pension or Social Security.
Although various rules and account types offer flexibility and choices that cater to your needs, they also introduce complexity.
Before we go on, our review provides insights into different retirement accounts, but it is not all-encompassing. If you have additional questions, please feel free to reach out to one of our team members, or you may consult with your tax advisor with specific tax questions.
That said, let’s review the traditional IRA, the Roth IRA and the SEP-IRA.
1. Traditional IRAs
Contributions may be tax deductible.
Funds in the account grow tax-deferred.
Withdrawals after 59½ years old are taxed as ordinary income.
Withdrawals prior to 59½ may be subject to a 10% penalty, and
Required minimum distributions (RMDs) begin at age 73.
Contributions
Beginning in 2024, the IRA contribution limit increased by $500 to $7,000; the annual limit is $8,000 if you are 50 years of age or older. These limits remain in effect for 2025.
The total contributions for all your IRAs (Roth and traditional) max out at the prescribed limits or your earned income, whichever is lower.
However, a non-working spouse may contribute to a spousal IRA as long as the other spouse is working and you file a joint tax return.
There are no age limits for contributing to either a traditional or Roth IRA, meaning you can contribute at any age, as long as you have earned income.
Does a retirement plan at work cover you or your spouse?
For 2024, if you are covered by a retirement plan at work, your deduction for contributions to a traditional IRA is phased out if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is
More than $123,000 ($126,000 – 2025) but less than $143,000 ($146,000 – 2025) for a married couple filing a joint return or a qualifying surviving spouse,
More than $77,000 ($79,000 – 2025) but less than $87,000 ($89,000 - 2025) for a single individual or head of household, or
Less than $10,000 for a married individual filing a separate return (no change in 2025), there is a partial deduction.
If you are married and your spouse is covered by a retirement plan at work and you are not, AND you live with your spouse or file a joint return, your deduction is phased out if your MAGI is:
More than $230,000 ($236,000 – 2025) but less than $240,000 ($246,000 – 2025).
Withdrawals
After 59½, you will pay ordinary income tax if you withdraw funds from your traditional IRA account. There is no penalty.
What if you are under 59½?
You can avoid a 10% penalty in some situations, including these in Table 1. You will pay income taxes.
Table 1: Exceptions to the 10% penalty for early withdrawal of traditional IRA (under 59½) | ||
Exception | NOT subject to 10% penalty in these circumstances | Traditional IRA |
Birth or adoption | Up to $5,000 per child | Yes |
Disability | Total or permanent | Yes |
Death | Death of IRA owner | Yes |
Survivor of domestic abuse | Up to the lesser of $10,000 or 50% of the account | Yes |
Federally qualified disaster | Up to $22,000 | Yes |
Education | Qualified expenses | Yes |
Emergency personal expenses | Up to the lesser of $1,000 or account balance over $1,000 | Yes |
Qualified first-time homebuyers | Up to $10,000 lifetime | Yes |
Medical | Amount of unreimbursed medical expenses (>7.5% of AGI) | Yes |
Medical | Health insurance premiums paid while unemployed | Yes |
Levy | IRS levy of the plan | Yes |
Data Source: IRS
Additionally, you can take substantially equal periodic payments using a method approved by the IRS and avoid the penalty. Withdrawals from the account must occur for at least five years or until you reach age 59½, whichever is longer.
2. Roth IRAs
Roth IRAs are similar to traditional IRAs, with some important exceptions.
1. Contributions are not tax deductible.
2. If you satisfy the requirements, qualified distributions are tax-free.
3. You can leave funds in your Roth IRA as long as you live (there is no RMD).
Contributions
Contribution limits remain the same as those of a traditional IRA.
If you are filing jointly or as a qualifying surviving spouse, your contribution is phased out if your MAGI is
If you are single, head of household, or married and filing separately, your contribution is phased out if MAGI is
More than $146,000 but less than $161,000 (2024)
More than $150,000 but less than $165,000 (2025)
Above the respective limits, you may not contribute to a Roth IRA. If you are married filing separately and lived with your spouse during the year, no contributions are allowed if your MAGI is above $10,000.
Does a retirement plan at work cover you or your spouse?
This has no impact on your contribution to a Roth.
You may withdraw contributions at any time, tax-free and penalty-free, as you have already paid income taxes on the contribution. But what about earnings?
Let’s review four scenarios.
1. Over 59½ AND the Roth is held more than five years
You’ve met the five-year holding requirement. Withdrawals are tax- and penalty-free.
2. Over 59½ AND the Roth is held less than five years
If you haven’t met the five-year holding requirement, earnings are subject to taxes but not penalties.
3. Under 59½ AND the Roth is held less than five years
The earnings may be subject to taxes and penalties. Some of the exceptions to penalties are illustrated in Table 2.
Table 2: Exceptions to the 10% penalty for early withdrawal of Roth (under 59½) | |||
Exception | NOT subject to 10% penalty in these circumstances | Roth held over 5 years | Roth held less than 5 years |
Birth or adoption | Up to $5,000 per child | Yes | Yes |
Disability | Total or permanent | Yes/Yes* | Yes |
Death | Death of IRA owner | Yes/Yes* | Yes |
Survivor of domestic abuse | Up to the lesser of $10,000 or 50% of the account | Yes | Yes |
Federally qualified disaster | Up to $22,000 | Yes | Yes |
Education | Qualified expenses | Yes | Yes |
Emergency personal expenses | Up to the lesser of $1,000 or account balance over $1,000 | Yes | Yes |
Qualified first-time homebuyers | Up to $10,000 lifetime | Yes/Yes* | Yes |
Medical | Amount of unreimbursed medical expenses (>7.5% of AGI) | Yes | Yes |
Medical | Health insurance premiums paid while unemployed | Yes | Yes |
Levy | IRS levy of the plan | Yes | Yes |
*Not subject to taxes or a penalty on earningsData Source: IRS, Charles Schwab
4. Under 59½ AND the Roth is held more than five years
Your earnings will not be subject to taxes/penalties if you meet one of the following conditions: See Table 2.
You use the withdrawal (up to a $10,000 lifetime maximum) for a first-time home purchase.
You become totally disabled or pass away.
The exception for substantially equal payments also applies to Roth IRAs.
3. The SEP-IRA
A SEP-IRA plan is designed for small businesses and self-employed individuals. Contribution limits are tax deductible to the employer, growth is tax-deferred, and withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income.
The SEP-IRA contribution limit for 2024 is 25% of an employee's total compensation, up to $69,000.
The SEP-IRA contribution limit for 2025 is 25% of an employee's total compensation, up to $70,000.
Contributions must be made by the employer and can vary each year between 0% and 25% of compensation (up to the year’s limit). Each eligible employee must receive the same percentage.
Self-employed individuals may make employer contributions on their own behalf.
Summary
Retirement accounts provide numerous benefits. We believe that they are essential for a confident retirement. As we’ve highlighted, they offer flexibility but also introduce a certain level of complexity. We want to emphasize that we are here to assist you with questions you may have.
Tariffs and economic uncertainty
Following the election, optimism surged amid the belief that the new president would follow through with plans to pare back regulations that stifle businesses and extend the tax cuts passed in 2017.
From an investor's perspective, so far, so good.
But candidate Donald Trump also pledged that he would enact tariffs on countries he believed were not playing fairly with U.S. manufacturers and U.S. exporters.
The 47th president has been in office for just over one month, and he’s wasted little time on the tariff front.
But why are tariffs important to investors? A better question is: Why do investors fear tariffs?
Sweeping tariffs have the potential to affect the broader U.S. economy.
First, tariffs are a tax, and tariffs on imported goods will raise prices at home if the importer or retailer doesn’t absorb the new tax. The significant increase in levies on Canadian, Mexican, and Chinese goods strongly suggests they cannot be fully absorbed, which would lead to higher prices. According to the U.S. Census, these three nations are the top providers of goods imported into the United States ($1.4 trillion last year).
Next, barriers erected by the U.S. will likely be met by higher barriers for U.S. exporters as countries retaliate. That may restrain production among U.S. manufacturers.
Tit for tat: Investors are also worried that countermeasures could lead to a rapid escalation of any trade war.
Finally, tariffs introduce uncertainty into the economic narrative, which may undermine business and consumer confidence. In turn, businesses may reduce spending until the dust settles.
Meanwhile, various economic reports suggest that U.S. economic growth may be slowing down. However, we also recognize that economic data can fluctuate from month to month, and one month does not establish a trend.
It’s possible that the recent slowdown in economic activity is related to the weather, as some parts of the nation have experienced severe cold.
Nonetheless, we have seen a rotation out of riskier segments of the market and into more defensive issues. Although the major U.S. indexes fell last month, the Dow, which has underperformed in the past two years, is emerging as a frontrunner as we begin 2025.
Additionally, bonds have been a beneficiary of market uncertainty.
Table 3: Key Index Returns | ||
Index | MTD % | YTD % |
Dow Jones Industrial Average | -1.6 | 3.1 |
NASDAQ Composite | -4.0 | -2.4 |
S&P 500 Index | -1.4 | 1.2 |
Russell 2000 Index | -5.4 | -3.0 |
MSCI World ex-U.S.A.** | 1.6 | 6.6 |
MSCI Emerging Markets** | 0.4 | 2.0 |
Bloomberg U.S. Agg Total Return | 2.2 | 2.7 |
Source: The Wall Street Journal, MSCI.com, Bloomberg, MarketWatchMTD returns: January 31, 2025–February 28, 2025YTD returns: December 31, 2024–February 28, 2025**in US dollars
Final Thoughts
There are few indications today that the economy is poised to roll over.
S&P 500 profits were strong in the fourth quarter and are on pace to rise 17%, according to LSEG. Earnings growth and stable interest rates have clearly underpinned equities.
But we are mindful that market pullbacks cannot be discounted, even during an economic expansion.
We have had discussions with you that have enabled us to design a roadmap to achieve your financial goals. This roadmap allows for clarity and helps remove emotional biases that can sometimes infiltrate the decision-making process.
A diversified portfolio cannot completely shelter you from market pullback, but it helps reduce volatility while tapping into the wealth-creating potential that stocks have offered over the long term.
I trust you have found this review to be informative. If you have any inquiries or wish to discuss any other matters, please don’t hesitate to contact me or any team member.
Thank you for choosing us as your financial advisor.
All investing involves risk including loss of principal. No strategy assures success or protects against loss in a declining market. There is no guarantee that a diversified portfolio will enhance overall returns or outperform a non-diversified portfolio. Diversification does not protect against market risk.
Contributions to a traditional IRA may be tax deductible in the contribution year, with current income tax due at withdrawal. Withdrawals prior to age 59 ½ may result in a 10% IRS penalty tax in addition to current income tax.
A Roth IRA offers tax deferral on any earnings in the account. Qualified withdrawals of earnings from the account are tax-free. Withdrawals of earnings prior to age 59 ½ or prior to the account being opened for 5 years, whichever is later, may result in a 10% IRS penalty tax. Limitations and restrictions may apply.
Bonds are subject to market and interest rate risk if sold prior to maturity. Bond values will decline as interest rates rise and bonds are subject to availability and change in price.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is comprised of 30 stocks that are major factors in their industries and widely held by individuals and institutional investors.
The NASDAQ Composite Index measures all NASDAQ domestic and non-U.S. based common stocks listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market. The market value, the last sale price multiplied by total shares outstanding, is calculated throughout the trading day, and is related to the total value of the Index.
The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index is a capitalization weighted index of 500 stocks designed to measure performance of the broad domestic economy through changes in the aggregate market value of 500 stocks representing all major industries.
The Russell 2000 Index is an unmanaged index generally representative of the 2,000 smallest companies in the Russell 3000 index, which represents approximately 10% of the total market capitalization of the Russell 3000 Index.
The MSCI World Index is a stock market index that tracks the performance of large and mid-cap stocks across 23 developed countries worldwide.
The MSCI EM (Emerging Markets) Index is a free float-adjusted market capitalization weighted index that is designed to measure the equity market performance of the emerging market countries of the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. The MSCI EM Index consists of the following emerging market country indices: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Czech Republic, Egypt, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Qatar, Russia, South Africa, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Thailand.
The Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index is an index of the U.S. investment-grade fixed-rate bond market, including both government and corporate bonds.
Simplified Wealth Management and LPL Financial do not provide legal or tax advice. Please consult with your tax or legal advisor regarding your personal situation.
Bob Chitrathorn is a registered representative with, and Securities and Retirement Plan Consulting Program advisory services are offered through LPL Financial, a registered investment advisor, member FINRA/SIPC. Other advisory services offered through Mariner Independent Advisor Network. Mariner Independent Advisor Network, Wealth Planning by Bob Chitrathorn, and Simplified Wealth Management are separate entities from LPL Financial.
This material was prepared for Bob Chitrathorn’s use.
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